“I Saw a Nightmare…”
Doing Violence to Memory: The Soweto Uprising, June 16, 1976
by Helena Pohlandt-McCormick

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Truck burning with crowd, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Street scene, aerial view, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Street scene, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Street scene, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Crowd with poster: "Don't Shoot," Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Crowd with poster: "Vorster and Kruger Shall not go to Heaven." June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Crowd, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Poster: "Warning!!! Don't go to work," Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Poster: "Voster (sic) and Kruger must go to Hell," Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Crowd and police confrontation, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Crowd with posters, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Crowd with posters, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Crowd with posters, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Man with cane leading Alexandra crowd towards police. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Crowd with posters, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Police addressing crowd with bullhorn, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Police addressing crowd with bullhorn, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Crowd, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Crowd, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Crowd with policeman, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Crowd with posters, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Roadblocks, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Crowd, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Crowd, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Crowd in front of houses, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Anxious Alexandra crowd, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Anxious Alexandra crowd, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Crowd scattering, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Crowd with poster 'My Baas.' June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Street crowd, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Police addressing crowd with bullhorn, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Street scene, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Woman throwing object, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Active crowd, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Crowd with posters: "Today for us all." June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Crowd with buckets and posters, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Crowd with bucket Close-up, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Children, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Teenagers posing on car, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Small children posing in front of signs and house, Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Looters with alcohol; note on picture: "... besig om drank ..." (... busy taking alcohol ...), Alexandra. June 1976. Source: SAB K345
Poster: "Release Magauda." Source: SAB K345
Poster: "Release Magauda." Source: SAB K345
Poster: "Release Our Brothers." Source: SAB K345
Poster: "Release George." Source: SAB K345
Police statement (undated) by Justice Mamiane, dog handler of the SAP. Source: SAB K345, vols. 85-86
Police statement (6 July 1976) by Phahlala Elias Manganye, dog handler of the SAP. Source: SAB K345, vols. 85-86
Statement (28 June 1976) by Rose Maphalala, 16 years old. Source: SAB K345, vols. 85-86
Handwritten statement (23 October 1976) by Bafunani Joseph Mokoena (19), page 1. Source: SAB K345, vol. 190, exhibit 92
Typed statement (23 October 1976) by Bafunani Joseph Mokoena (19). Source: SAB K345, vol. 190, exhibit 92
Handwritten statement (23 October 1976) by Stephen Maila, schoolteacher (30). Source: SAB K345, vol. 190, exhibit 92
Typed statement (23 October 1976) by Stephen Maila, schoolteacher (30). Source: SAB K345, vol. 190, exhibit 92
Policeman and Crowd. Source: SAB K345, vol. 190
Street and Crowd. Source: SAB K345, vol. 190
Students with cardboard sign: "We Don't Fight." Source: SAB K345, vol. 19
Students with second sign in background: "We Want Our Brother Sipho Majola Released." Source: SAB K345, vol. 190
Students on road. Source: SAB K345, vol. 190
Students on road. Source: SAB K345, vol. 190
Students on road (close-up). Source: SAB K345, vol. 190
Students on road (close-up). Source: SAB K345, vol. 190
Police [army?] armed with clubs marching towards students. Source: SAB K345, vol. 190
Students of the University of the North gathering on the football field of the campus. Source: SAB K345, vol. 190
Students gathered on the football field, University of the North. Source: SAB K345, vol. 190
Part of the student march, University of the North. Source: SAB K345, vol. 190
Part of the student march, University of the North. Source: SAB K345, vol. 190
Students that ran away after the police formed a line to prevent them from going closer to the burning hall, University of the North. Source: SAB K345, vol. 190
Balcony of the second floor of the men's dormitory from which someoneallegedly jumped, University of the North. Source: SAB K345, vol. 190
Flier: "Tsoga" [Mothers Awake], Tswana. Source: SAB K345, vol. 99
Flier: "Mothers Awake," English version. Source: SAB K345, vol. 99
Flier: "The Voice of Black People in South Africa." Source: SAB K345, vol. 99
Flier: "The Voice of Black People in South Africa." Source: SAB K345, vol. 99
Flier: "The Voice of Black People in South Africa." Source: SAB K345, vol. 99
Flier: "To Town!" Source: SAB K345, vol. 99
Flier: "Soweto Invaded!!!" Source: SAB K345, vol. 99
Flier: "Azi Khwelwa" Source: SAB K345, vol. 99
Flier: "Resa Boela" Source: SAB K345, vol. 99
Statement (undated) by Aubrey Dundubele Mokoena, while in police custody. Source: SAB K345, vol. 99
Statement (12 January 1977) by Mafison Morobe while in police custody. Source: SAB K345, Vol. 99
Statement (3 August 1976) by Rodney Paul Rammekoa while in police custody. Source: SAB K345, Vol. 99
Statement (12 August 1976) by Lucas Zwelinzima Sizani while in police custody. Source: SAB K345, Vol. 99
Statement (undated) by Reatile Kingdom Lolwane while in police custody. Source: SAB K345, Vol. 99
SSRC Pamphlet, handwritten document, advocating strategy of non-violence. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 411
Chief Twala, 23 June 1972, photographed by Michael, 1437 Jabulani, Soweto. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 411
Trofomo Sono's exercise book
Mangaliso Mosiwa's exercise book: essay on Black Consciousness, Black power and Black theology. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Letter (20 May 1977) requesting permission to see Tsankie Lazarus Modiakgotla from family. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Letter (21 February 1977) from attorney to Mrs. Modiakgotla about Tsankie Lazarus Modiakgotla's detention. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Letter from the office of the Divisional Commander to the Modiakgotla's attorney concerning Tsankie Lazarus Modiakgotla. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Essay: "Not yet Uhuru." Signed by Oginga Odinga. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
List of names. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Essay: "Introductory Remarks on Education and an Outline of a Suggested Education Policy." Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Letter from Seth Mazibuko to the Branch Secretary of SASM. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Hand-written text: "The History of SASM 1976-1979." Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Motion by Allen Budeli. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Letter: Seth Mazibuko explaining course of action dictated by the detention of SASM leaders. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Letter (17 October 1977): Seth Mazibuko to Father Kearns requesting help in securing funds. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Letter (28 September 1977): Seth Mazibuko about detention of SASM leaders. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Letter: Seth Mazibuko about detention of SASM leaders. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Minutes of the Fourth General Students' Council meeting (4 July 1977). Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Speech Notes. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Speech Notes. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Speech Notes. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Poem: "The Incredible Hippo" by "The Sugar." Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Essay: "Freedom as Seen by a Student." Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Policy Statement. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Minutes of a meeting (4 June 1977): Zoutpansberg Students' Organization. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Letter from Seth Mazibuko to newspapers condemning Steve Biko's death. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Minutes of the Third General Students' Council Meeting (28 May 1976). Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Essay: "Education." Mazibuko's thoughts condemning the Bantu educational system. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Letter from Seth Mazibuko to newspapers condemning Steve Biko's death. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Resolution on Sports; part of minutes of the Third General Student Council Meeting (28 May 1976). Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
SASM Application to Anglo-American Corporation for grant. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Negative reply (31 August 1977) from Anglo-American to SASM grant request. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Drafted Constitution of Zoutpansberg Students' Organization. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Progress report by ZOSO, Zoutpansberg Student's Organization. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Notes: "Black Consciousness." Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Document outlining policies including: Religion, Workers, Wages, Professionals, Trade Unions, Foreign Investments, and Government-Created Bodies. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Letter (8 July 1976) from Mzuvukile Maqetuka to the Secretary Organizer of SASM. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Presidential Speech of Mzuvukile Maqetuka. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
SSRC Reply to Slanderous Anonymous Pamphlet. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Press release by Gordon Sono, page 1. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Letter to "Steve," first page missing, from Sindiswa. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Letter (April 1976) from Mbuyisa to Tingo. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Letter (24 August 1976) to Sindisiwa. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Health card: Itumeleng Gwazela (Institute of Black Studies). Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Membership card belonging to Sindiswa Gwazela for Las Vegas Records. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Book: "No Name in the Street" by James Baldwin belonging to Sindiswa Gwazela. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Book: "No Name in the Street" by James Baldwin belonging to Sindiswa Gwazela. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Letter (24 November 1976) from Sindiswa Gwazela to Thabo: "I am not turning back." Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Sindiswa Gwazela's notes: "You people are digging Vorster's grave." Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Sindiswa Gwazela comments, July 1976. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Essay: "The Indigenous Agitator" by Gwazela. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Letter (27 February 1976) to Flo from Andy. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Letter (3 September 1976) to Sister Alice from Sindiswa Gwazela. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Essay: "South Africa Black Woman's Point of View" (by Nim Mkele? Sindiswa Gwazela's handwriting). Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Funding request (22 October 1977) to Robin Pelican from Nimrod Mkele for purpose of the formation of the Institute of Black Studies. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Sindiswa Gwazela's application for sales position with Crocker Agencies (6 July 1976), with reference to her age (28). Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Poem: "Weep Not," for Abraham Tiro (Gwazela's handwriting). Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Essay: "I am hurt but very hurt" (Gwazela). Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Letter (24 February 1976): to Sindiswa Gwazela from Tshedi Thale. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Letter (undated): from Sindiswa to "My darling.". Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Letter (September 1976): from Sindiswa to "Darling Myanisa." Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Letter (9 September 1976): from Sindiswa to Mama Mama'M. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Letter (9 September 1976): from Sindiswa to "My Darling Baby." Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Letter (9 September 1976): Gwazela to Nombulelo. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Printed flier: "A Call to the Black Religious Community in Behalf of Justice in Southern Africa." Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
Police document (24 November 1976): inventory of property seized from Gwazela. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 413
My Thoughts. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 436
Notes confiscated from Masabatha Loate, about Bantu Education and Andrew Young's visit. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 436
Handwritten note (press release for The World newspaper) about U.S. Ambassador Andrew Young's visit to South Africa. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 436
Open Letter to Soweto Parents about the SSRC by Concerned Soweto Parents. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 436
Notes" "Critics on a Blackman!!" Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 436
Handwritten notes for speech: "The Suffering of One Black Man." Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 436
Handwritten notes for speech (?): "Bantu Education Can Be Changed." Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 436
Notes for speech/statement on the solidarity call for December 16, 1976 (6 months after the beginning of the Uprising). Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 436
Notes for speech/statement on the solidarity call for December 16, 1976 (6 months after the beginning of the Uprising). Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 436
Notebook, possibly Daniel Sechaba's, some pages loose, others clearly carbon copied, handwritten statement in reaction to rent increase. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 436
Handwritten notes in notebook for responses to World newspaper articles on SSRC reaction to the stoning of UBC buildings, UBC, and rent increases: "We Categorically Reject." Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 436
Pages from notebook (17 May 1977), SSRC thank yous to Soweto students and residents for helping secure the release of SSRC members Thabo Ndabeni and Khotso Lengane. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 436
Pages from notebook. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 436
Pages from notebook. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 436
Pages from notebook. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 436
Pamphlet, identified as SASM pamphlet in inventory: "Black Women and the Legal Monster That Rules Their Lives." Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 436
Loate papers: "SSRC Fact Finding Mission." Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 436
Loate papers: handwritten sheet, identified as "Toespraak en handskrif Teboho Nsomezulu" [speech and handwriting of Teboho Nsomezulu]. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 436
Notebook, handwritten notes about weekend symposium held at The World's offices, with JCL Strydom, about school and education issues: "Notebook Student Participation at Education Symposium." Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 436
Notebook page, distrusting Brigadier Jan Visser. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 436
Notebook: "Skipping the Border." Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 436
Notebook, miscellaneous thoughts: "SSRC Meeting etc." Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 436
Pages from notebook, solidarity with evictions: "SSRC Exclusively to Our Oppressed Brothers - Introspection." Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 436
Two pages, handwritten, address to students outside of Soweto: "To Outside Students." Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 436
Speech, handwritten: "Solidarity." Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 436
Meadowlands High School. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 440
DOCC Hall, Orlando East. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 440
Diakonia House Braamfontein, 80 Jorissenstreet, Johannesburg. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 440
Orlando West Junior Secondary School: "Phefeni Junior Secondary School," Orlando West. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 440
Letter (25 June 1978) to police from Daniel Montsisi refusing to "reconsider" his earlier unwillingness to assist with a police investigation. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 416
Flier issued by SSRC to mark anniversary of June 16, with procedure on before and after June 16. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 416
Flier issued by SSRC to call for stay-away, November 1976: "Azikhwelwa" [we will not ride]. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 416
Copy of DSCN3026: SSRC flier for anniversary of June 16. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 416
SSRC flier: "June 16th, Students Day". Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 416
Poster (chalk on chalkboard): "Voster (sic) and Kruger must go to hell!" Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 416
Pamphlet: "History of SSRC and Student Leaders," published in remembrance of Steven Biko. Source: Civil Case WLD 6857 (1977), Vol. 416
Police [army?] armed with clubs marching toward students.